Advertising The Magic System - 786 Words

Commercial Culture Williams, R. (1980). Advertising: The Magic System. 170-195. Premises 1. While this article focuses on British history, Williams argues that the nature of advertisement has changed from a system to attract â€Å"specific attention† (similar to modern day classifieds) to a system that broadcasts â€Å"commercial information and persuasion† (p. 170, 184) 2. This change in advertising methodology is paralleled to changes in social and economic structures (p. 170, 177-178) 3. Through capitalism, the minority will increasing get involved in cultivating culture and values of the masses through advertisements (p. 184, 187-188). 4. Advertisement is the art of capitalism and continues to organize artists and writers (p. 184-185, 189-190) 5. In order to for advertisement to stay relevant, advertisements will add â€Å"social meanings, values, and ideals† to their products (p. 185-186). 6. According to Williams, â€Å"Advertising is the consequence of a social failure to find means of public information and decision over a wide range of everyday economic life† (p. 193) Key Terms 1. Puff - When a claim is exaggerated in an advertisement 2. Quack Method - A method of deceitful advertising that originated from medicinal advertisements 3. Magic - Any emotions, values, or ideals that comes with a product 4. Consumer - Unlike a user of a product, consumers are a means end to the manufacturing of a product 5. Fantasy - The idea that decisions that were created by corporations are theShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Advertising : The Magic System1416 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Advertising Last year, the U.S spent over 180 billion dollars on advertising, with digital ad content the fastest growing category within the market. Facebook and other social media platforms are quickly pioneering new fangled ways to cater to the digital generation and entice the material desires of their users. Advertising was not always this way however, and in his essay â€Å"Advertising: The magic system† Raymond Williams introduces the evolution of the modern advertising industry. WilliamsRead MoreThe Culture Industry By Adorno And Horkheimer And The Magic System1625 Words   |  7 Pagesheavily influenced by capitalism. The two-works affected and focused around this topic are; The Culture Industry by Adorno and Horkheimer and The Magic System by Raymond Williams. The Magic System primarily focuses on how advertising development allows the public to grasp and comprehend the meaning, in accordance to be able to perceive modern advertising. Raymond Williams writes from his perspecti ve as a committed socialist, which entails the condition that â€Å"private-sector capitalism cannot fulfillRead MoreCompetitive Advantage Of Sony Computer Entertainment Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesposition while branching into different areas within the gaming industry. An AR based gaming system would give users a sense of the real world without the hazardous escapism linked to traditional forms of gaming, including current generation platforms and the inevitable VR technologies, which are soon to grace the gaming industry. If Sony were to focus its efforts and resources in developing a proprietary gaming system that uses AR, it would develop a core competence that rivals would find difficult to imitateRead MoreThe Marketing And Advertising Industry Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagescandidates from their respected parties dump millions of dollars into advertising and marketing to their campaigns in order to touch the lives of millions of Americans in order to potentially gain the vote individuals. During the most recent election, Clinton and Trump combined to raise a total of over $200 Million (Bloomberg). Although this seems like so much money in order to gain the backing of many, the marketing and advertising industry in 2015 has grown to be an almost 200 billion dollar a yearRead MoreAnalysis Of Macy s Inc.1665 Words   |  7 Pagesstores, for consumers, in order to connect to a greater audience, and establish a more powerful business. To implement their goals and vision, three strategies are promoted by the company, such as localization, integration of omni-channeling, and MAGIC Selling. Localization involves to accommodation of the assortment of merchandise and incorporating a shopping experience in the store environment for each customer. This entails product placement, design, lay out and other interior facets to amplifyRead MoreAnalysis of Marketing Through History1091 Words   |  5 Pagesmost advanced advertising, using extravagant language on signs and handbills to get citizens to adventure to the colonies of America. This was believed to have had a substantial impact on emigration and colonization of America. However, advertising in the colonies, though well-established, was rudimentary at best, as the colonists were mostly rural farmers and tradesmen with little need for advertising. The country also lacked efficient transportation and communication systems to support nationalRead MorePhl 458 Week 1 Individual Assignment Critical Thinking and Society Exercise848 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted going into foreclosure. This was a hard lesson to learn but today the lending rules have changed thanks to a revamp of the lending practices. By thinking critically and creatively the government has tighten the screws on a much unsupervised system. Define free will, truth, knowledge, and opinion. Explain how we use them to form thoughts. Free will: The moderate definition of free will is when people have choices when it comes to decisions like whether to attend a party or finishRead MoreGetting to the Point (A Comparison of Rhetorical Strategies) Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesGetting to the Point Advertising is all around us. Companies of all sorts rely heavily on internet, television, print, and various other types of media outlets as means to reach their audience. Advertising aims to bring in more customers and thereby, more profit. All of this is complicated by the fact that, out of the vast number of products and services available, companies want to prove that theirs are the best. From this is born the tricky and unique language of advertising. In their respectiveRead MoreThe Power of Storytelling in the Media Essay686 Words   |  3 Pagestelevision, movies, music, video games, and the internet. While some people do not like to admit it, everyone is affected by advertising, news, movies, music, video games, and other forms of media. That’s why media is such a powerful cultural force, and why the media industry is such big business. All media messages try to persuade people to believe or do something, for example; advertising tries to get people to buy products while novels and TV dramas go to great lengths to appear realistic. To do this,Read More Media Advertising and Sex Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesuses â€Å"sex to sell,† many articles have been written concerning this. For instance, â€Å"Sex as Symbol in Fashion Advertising† by Arthur Asa Berger talks about the sexual undertones used in ads as a way to sell products. Similarly, Jean Kilbourne’s â€Å"Beauty†¦and the Beast of Advertising† discusses the portrayal of women in advertisements as sex objects. Finally, â€Å"Analyzing Signs and Sign Systems† by Arthur Asa Berger offers ways to analyze advertisements and their use of sex. No matter what the advertisement

Feminism And The First Wave Feminism - 1651 Words

What is Feminism? The word feminism originated in the 1800’s from the French word â€Å"feminisme†. So what is feminism exactly? Feminism is usually defined as an active desire to change women’s position in society (Kolmar pg.27). There are many ways that feminism can be described as it is a number of theories, social movements, cultural and political movements. These movements are shedding light to the inequalities and equal rights for women and also equality for everyone. Feminism is a way for women to be heard and to fight for their right for equality. â€Å"It is feminism that recognizes individual diversity, and freedom, and equality, defined through and beyond north/ west and south / east dialogues† (Hooks pg.47). There are considered two waves of feminism or three according to who you talk to. The first-wave feminism focuses on power and women’s suffrage this wave of feminism also puts the focus on absolute rights. The second-wave feminism developed its own e pistemological practices in the process of consciousness raising, a model for generating knowledge from the authority of individual women’s experience (Tong pg.55). Women in the second-wave also used their academic knowledge when discussing feminism to bring more knowledge about the topic of inequality. With the third-wave feminism I start to see more openness to allowing more women in these movements. I start to see how more lesbian women and women of color are more active in this wave. I however believe that third-waveShow MoreRelatedFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial m ovement, called first wave feminism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goalsRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1776 Words   |  8 PagesIn Disney’s animated children’s films, feminism greatly advocated for change in gender roles. Children often believe and develop in accordance with the kind of life and exposure they are subjected to at the tender age. In spite of the fact that Disney adopted animated film to sensitize the children on changes in gender roles, it is certain that children literally adopted the perception depicted in the films. In fact, it is exemplified that later generations are raised on Disney fairy tale movies’Read MoreFeminism And The First Wave Feminism2028 Words   |  9 Pages Feminism is the movement towards women’s equality and the fight for equal gender in the social, political, cultural and economical aspects of society. Feminism also fights for equal opportunity for women in employment and education. A feminist is someone who advocates their support for women’s rights but is not restricted to only women; anyone who supports women’s rights and equality are feminists, including men. Feminism is not only about the females; it fights for gender equality forRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism767 Words   |  4 Pagesworth 50 points Assignment – What is feminism? Describe how it has evolved in the United States and include the three phases. The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities organized activity in support of woman s rights and interests The first wave of feminism took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for womenRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism1876 Words   |  8 Pagesfeminists. Feminism can be separated into three waves. The first wave of feminism was from the mid 1800s to the early 1900s. The second wave was from the 1960s to the 1980s. The third wave of feminism started in the 1990s, but its end is unclear. Some people believe it has ended and the fourth wave of feminism has started, but others believe it continues today. The different waves have been very different in some aspects, but very similar in others. The main differences between the first and thirdRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism1230 Words   |  5 Pagessociety. Women had experienced change during the first wave of feminism and gained suffrage, but during the second wave feminism wome n experienced a change that greatly altered their lives and consequently, the relationships they shared with others. The first wave of feminism was concerned about suffrage and establish rights as people and equality in regards to property law (The Famous Five and the Persons Case in Canada), the second wave of feminism was concerned about equality in the workplace, amongRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism996 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism has been a prominent part in American literature since the late Nineteenth century. In almost every form of media today, there are female characters who are leaders, independent, and do not conform to the submissive image some individuals have of women. The first authors to introduce heroines of independent nature were Gilman, Chopin, and Wharton. They wrote stories about heroines who had their own ideas and wanted their own voice, expressed their own sexuality, and established their independenceRead MoreThird Wave Feminism : First And Second Wave 1813 Words   |  8 PagesEssay 2: Third Wave Feminism First and second wave feminists succeeded in legal and social rights. In addition, they achieved the right to vote, higher education, and the right to their own body. Although, third wave feminists obtained these rights, they differentiated from focusing on laws and political processes like first and second wave feminists did. Instead, third wave feminists strived for individualism and diversity. Unlike labeling each other as feminists, the third wave departed from thisRead MoreFeminism And The First, Second, Or Third Wave1272 Words   |  6 PagesWhen referring to the history of feminism in the manner of the first, second, or third wave, one is undermining the experiences that were ongoing during, in middle of, and before those waves that history defines. What ideologies of oppression were being spoken of to raise awareness and whose experience was being excluded/diminished? The articulation of feminism in using the metaphor of waves to describe how the ideologies peaked and rescin ded, is incorrect because it focuses only on the voices ofRead MoreFirst Wave Feminism By Betty Friedan1171 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Knowledge: Second-wave feminism refers to the period of feminist activity that focused on social and legal issues of gender equality such as sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights and equal opportunity in education and the workplace. Source 1: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan In 1963, Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique was published. Friedan discussed the problem that â€Å"lay buried, unspoken† in the minds of the suburban housewife, saying that they were too socially

Severity Level of Security Breaches

Question: Discuss about the Severity Level of Security Breaches. Answer: Introduction As the business and society become increasingly dependent on data, the threat landscape exponentially expanding day by day. Organizations are trying their heart and soul to introduce innovative and stronger defenses against security threats (Allodi, KotovMassacci,2013). Simultaneously cyber criminals applied more new tactics and techniques that break away all that efforts (Jaferian et al., 2016). This report concentrates on two recent and biggest security breaches; one is LinkedIn data breach and other is Anthem medical security breach. In the following sections, background of the problem, its impacts and the best possible solutions to avoid this kind of problems in future is discussed. Bitcoint Theft in Hong Kong Background of the Security Breach From a reported security breach from Bitfinex, it has come in front that, Bitcoins (Currency Exchange Office in Hong Kong) of worth around 72 million dollar was stolen. It is the second largest theft occurred in august 2016, after the cyber security attack in Mt Gox, where almost 12, 000 units of bitcoins were stolen (Coppola, 2016, August 06). Bitfinex is the largest exchange office of the world to exchange bitcoin into dollars. It is one of the renowned digital currency communitieswhich have deep liquidity in bitcoin currency in USA. This security breach comes in front after two months of scrutiny for prohibited transactions. Bitcoins is a digital currency created with safety and anonymity in mind. Unfortunately, no buyer protection is there. Whenever, customers went to buy any products by paying a Bitcoin, the transaction was failed. From the incident it can be stated that, the ownership of the organization is always masked which leads to this kind of security attack (Coppola, 201 6, August 06). Occurrence of the Security Breach BitFinex has come under the allegation of Futures Trading Comission and U.S commodity for providing financial exchange transactions in the digital currencies using bitcoin. As a virtual digital currency system, transaction is done though bitcoin without any intermediary state. This is also known as cryptocurrency and is the largest in terms of market value. The security attack is the reminiscent of 2014 security breach where Mt GOx (Tokyo Based Exchange Office) lost 500 million dollars bitcoin (Coppola, 2016, August 06). After the security breach happened in Hong Kong, Bitfinex announced that the compensation will be done by providing BFX labeled tokens. However, this is still not transferred into reality which put off many persons to not adapt this. Amongst the total unit of Bitcoin, only .75 percent amount was stolen. Users who logged in the platform of this organization, have discovered that 36.06 percentage of people suffered due to this cyber security attack. Multiple accounts were hacked and significant number of customers or a subset of bitcoin trade community was highly impacted. Customers expressed their anger and stated that absence of proper security protocols such as two factor authentication resulted in the transfer of funds to exchange. The greatest impact is price has fallen down by 20% after the massive security breach occurred. For a long time, users were not been able to access their funds. They were not also able to withdraw their account which leads to grater conflicts and disruptions. Best Possible Countermeasures Countermeasures can be adopted but risks are always there (Kolfal, Patterson Yeo, 2013). Bitcoin is still unknown to many persons and everyone does not feel comfortable to have a currency which is not printed in a physical format properly (Barlow et al., 2013). In addition, this consists of anonymous transactions such as torrent website which proves that the system is not proper. People should avoid purchasing of large amount of goods with the help of Bitcoins to reduce volatility. Seeking help from third party can be taken to settle down this kind of disputes in future. From technical point of view, the digital currency should encrypt their digital wallet with a strong password such as mix of upper and lower case letters almost of 16 characters including numbers and punctuation marks (Kurmus et al., 2013). In addition, users should use offline wallet for saving purposes which will not be connected to any kind of network or grid. This kind of mechanism is known as cold storage. Users can also backup their wallet by restoring all the private keys of invisible and visible Bitcoin addresses. Encrypting the online backups is one of the best security countermeasures. Instead of central storage, multiple secure locations should be used to store the wallet which can recover the Bitcoins failure in future. Amongst all these preventions, cold storage mechanism is the best to recover this situation by mitigating all the vulnerabilities. Anthem Medical Data Breach Background of the Problem Anthem Inc. is the second largest health insurance organization, headquartered in USA faced massive cyber security breach in 4th February of 2015 (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). More than 37 million information were hacked by the criminal hackers which was stored in central server of the organization. In this cyber security attack personal information of 78 million people were hacked, however, financial and medical information were not affected. Unfortunately, confidential information of 80 million companies were compromised in this security breach which comprised of medical IDs, email addresses, social security number, employment information and many others (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). The victims are former as well as new members of Anthem Health plans whose personal information were stolen by the hackers due to the presence of security loopholes in IT system of the organization. According to the investigation report, almost 10 million Americans were trapped under this s ecurity attack. As this type of organization does not use simple PII (Personally Identifiable Information) like mobile company or banks, cyber crooks can easily made their targets on internal database of the organization. Various medical plans of this organization such as Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS), Blue Cross have been largely impacted which are not operated by Anthem but also by various providers in USA (AnthemFacts.com. 2016, August 12). Impacts of Security Breach This has significant negative impacts on the organizational associations, the business partners and most importantly on the customers. Whenever this incident has become publicly available, customers were worried about their security and they lose their trust from the organization. As a result, most of them withdrawn their medical policies which leads to significant losses for the organization. Occurrence of the Security Breach Based on the former name of Anthem, Wellpoint, the attackers has created a domain name wellpoint.com. By creating this site, the attackers were tried to get access on the internal IT system including the database and server of the organization through phishing attack. Through this attack, hackers created a fake log in page which helped to gain access in the actual websites of the organization (Bogdanoski, ShuminoskiRisteski, 2013). The fake log in page has consists of two files; one is login.php and the other one is index.html page. The hackers uploaded these pages on the hosting site which helped the attackers to create their own accounts. After creating the own account, attackers uploaded both the files of phishing page on the control panel of IT system. Now, whenever the users try to access the service of Anthem the log.txt page stores password of the users and all the confidential information of the users got hacked. The phishing emails contain malicious software which can slow d own the computer operation or can track users activities. By sending the fake emails to the users, users accounts got hacked by the cyber criminals and all the confidential details were stolen. Best Possible Countermeasures Credit Freeze: Security freeze is one of the best options to prevent oneself from this kind of security attacks. Using of this mechanism will halt the hackers to get access on users account without their permission (Loske et al., 2014). Eve if the cyber criminals try to to gain access, alert will be displayed to the users and the criminal will be blocked. Two Factor Authentications: Two step authentications is the best where one time password is not enough to get access on the account (Nwobodo, JahankhaniEdoh, 2014). Whenever anyone will try to log in to the business account, after giving the password for the first time, it will again ask for processing with the second step. In this ways, hackers will not be able to get access of users or business accounts (Chen et al., 2016). Change Id and Password Frequently: Users, whose accounts are associated with Anthem medical organization, should been protected with strong password and the password along with log in id should be frequently changed (PadrStanilovsky, 2012). In addition, the setting on the account should be properly configured, so that whenever hackers will try to steal the confidential information, automatic alert message will be displayed on the personal devices of the users (Breitenbauch, 2015). Avoid Phishing Scams: users should be always aware of the emails coming from unrecognized senders (Jing et al., 2014). Whenever, users will do any kind of transactions, the site should be checked properly such as the lock icon on the status bar or the URL link which should be initiated with https rather than http. Emails coming from the unknown senders should be checked before fetching any attachment or clicking on any website (Ristov, GusevDonevski, 2013). Users or organization should not provide any kind of personal or confidential information from on the pop up screen. Moreover, web address should not be copied on the browsers which are displayed on the prop up screen. Encryption Technique and Firewall: Entire system of the organization should be properly secured with advanced security applications firewall, encryption technique and others (Hossain FotouhiHasan, 2015). These kinds of security protocols help to analyze each and every incoming and outgoing data of the network which helps to protect the system from malicious software and viruses (Borgohain, KumarSanyal, 2015). In addition, antivirus software should be used to guard the system and keep updated from regular patches. Conclusion Two massive security breaches are described in this report which helps to conclude the fact that, cyber attacks not only disrupts the entire business performance but also leads to greater conflicts amongst the customers. Two recent cyber security attacks one is Bitcoin theft of Hong Kong and other is Anthem medical data breach forced to think that enhancement of security is very crucial for the societal as well as cultural well fare. Both of these incidents are analyzed properly and it ha been discovered from the investigation that significant negative impacts of these cyber security breaches leads to think about the adaption of best possible solutions as preventive methods. Based on the analysis, encryption technique, two factor authentications and cold storage mechanism are suggested which can mitigate these problems in future for sure. References Allodi, L., Kotov, V. Massacci, F., (2013). Malwarelab: Experimentation with cybercrime attack tools. InPresented as part of the 6th Workshop on Cyber Security Experimentation Test. AnthemFacts.com. (2016, August 12). Anthem. Retrieved from https:/www.anthemfacts.com Barlow, J.B., Warkentin, M., Ormond, D. Dennis, A.R., (2013). Don't make excuses! Discouraging neutralization to reduce IT policy violation.Computers security,39, pp.145-159. Bogdanoski, M., Shuminoski, T. Risteski, A., (2013). Analysis of the SYN flood DoS attack.International Journal of Computer Network Information Security,5(8), p.1. Borgohain, T., Kumar, U. Sanyal, S., (2015). Survey of security privacy issues of internet of things.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.02211. Breitenbauch, H. (2015). Defence Planning.Academic Foresights, (13). Chen, D.D., Egele, M., Woo, M. Brumley, D., (2016). Towards Automated Dynamic Analysis for Linux-based Embedded Firmware. InISOC Network Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Coppola, F. (2016, August 06). Forbes. Retrieved from Forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2016/08/06/theft-and-mayhem-in-the-bitcoin-world/ Hossain, M.M., Fotouhi, M. Hasan, R., (2015), June. Towards an Analysis of Security Issues, Challenges, Open Problems in the Internet of Things. In2015 IEEE World Congress on Services(pp. 21-28). IEEE. Jaferian, P., Hawkey, K., Sotirakopoulos, A., Velez-Rojas, M. Beznosov, K., (2014). Heuristics for evaluating IT security management tools.HumanComputer Interaction,29(4), pp.311-350. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A.V., Wan, J., Lu, J. Qiu, D., (2014). Security of the internet of things: Perspectives challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), pp.2481-2501. Kolfal, B., Patterson, R.A. Yeo, M.L., (2013). Market impact on it security spending.Decision Sciences,44(3), pp.517-556. Kurmus, A., Tartler, R., Dorneanu, D., Heinloth, B., Rothberg, V., Ruprecht, A., Schrder-Preikschat, W., Lohmann, D. Kapitza, R., (2013), February. Attack Surface Metrics Automated Compile-Time OS Kernel Tailoring. InNDSS. Loske, A., Widjaja, T., Benlian, A. Buxmann, P., (2014). Perceived IT security risks in cloud adoption: the role of perceptual incongruence between users providers. Nwobodo, I., Jahankhani, H. Edoh, A., (2014). Security challenges in the distributed cloud computing.International Journal of Electronic Security Digital Forensics 9,6(1), pp.38-51. Padr, L. Stanilovsky, E., (2012)Freeling 3.0: Towards wider multilinguality. InLREC2012. Ristov, S., Gusev, M. Donevski, A., (2013). Openstack cloud security vulnerabilities from inside outside.CLOUD COMPUTING, pp.101-107.

Supply Chain Management Information Systems - MyAssignmentHelp

Question: Q.1 Briefly describe the business processes supported by a Supply Chain Management (SCM) information system. In a global business like Emerson what are the advantages and disadvantages of using a SCM information system? With Emersons many divisions using different suppliers, what would be the benefits of using a single SCM information system for all of its divisions? Q.2 Global companies like Emerson have suppliers, manufacturing, distribution, and retail operations. List and briefly describe the technologies and devices (used for input, output, and communication) that are used with SCM information systems. Choose two different input devices and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. Discuss the benefits that they provide to the business. Q.3 Consider that you have to implement a new SCM information system for Emerson. Describe each of the different implementation options. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different implementation options. Make a recommendation and justify Q.4 Modern SCM information systems and with the use of other technologies have supported businesses in improving environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions. Research and find an example. Briefly describe the system and how it works and how carbon emissions where reduced. Discuss what decision making is performed and how does the SCM information system contribute to the decision making. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to the business. Answer: Introduction Management of supply chain is referred to as the strategic and systematic coordination in the traditional functions of business and the tactics used across the functions of business within a certain company and within business organization in chain of supply. The purpose with supply chain management is focused on the improvement of performance in the longer term of organizations as well as their supply chain in their entire context. With changes in the technology, supply chain management information systems have been playing a highly crucial role within the ability of organizations for the reduction of costs and for increasing the responsiveness in the chain of supply (Wang, 2006). A significant example can be seen in the case of Emerson. Emerson is an international manufacturing organization of China dealing with the customers of South Eastern region of Asia, Europe and America. With the help of information systems in supply change management, the organization had been successful in envisioning an individual hub with the help of which everyone would be linked for utilizing common mechanisms of communication and formats of data. In context with the case study of this organization, this paper will be discussing certain aspects related to the information system in supply chain management. Business Processes in Supply Change Management Information Systems In the current era of globalization and being an organization functioning across the globe, information systems seem to be having significant impact on integrating the main elements of supply chain at Emerson. By the system of hub and the system of ERP, the organization had been successful in coordinating the process of shipping with the suppliers and the providers. This can be considered as a major tool that enables the organization for responding to the demands of the customers, in accordance with the quality being desired (Wang, 2006). There is clarity in the reason as to why it will be taking increased manpower for compromising amongst the model of reference and the current process of business. The issue that had been faced by Emerson along with a number of organizations was that the trivial and essential processes of business are more often mixed in the absence of specification in the priorities for all. In a consequent manner, the model of references involves constraints regarding the rules of enterprise, resources and organizations that are presented in a highly detailed manner. There are two key processes that support the information systems in supply chain management. These are as follows (Hines, 2004): Coordination amongst the demand at the side of sales and supply at the side of production in order to make the plan of production Coordination amongst the level of demand at the side of production and the supply made by the suppliers in order to make the plan of sourcing Both of these processes are considered as the template of business process. The method in the modelling of business process is focused on modelling the process of business in the structure of hierarchy that is highly dependent over the strong points of business process in relation with the goal of business. There is consistency of direct interactions in process of business that takes place amongst the original performer and original customer of the problems being targeted. This is referred to as the key process (Hines, 2004). The level of hierarchy in the process of business, at Emerson became reduced as there had been decomposition of the issue within different elements and these had been sub- contracted to other individuals as the sub- processes. In the general sense, the key process had a structure that was highly stable, as the key process is developed by interacting with two individuals, the original performer and original customer, and the impact of the constraints of resource, organization and rule becoming small enough for being ignored. Considering the other side of the coin, the sub- process has the structure of variable in accordance to a number of different constraints. For successfully designing the template of business process, extraction needs to be done from the key processes mentioned above (Cooper Pagh, 2009). These key processes help in defining the actions that are interdependent and the improvement of these processes can be done by utilization of information systems in supply chain management. By the extraction of the key process at the template of business process, it can be reutilized amongst a number of enterprises and the manpower in the design of business process can be decreased. Technologies and Devices of SCM Information Systems Even though the organization of Emerson has gained a number of benefits from the information systems of supply chain management, there are often mismatching points in the expectations and the activities undertaken by the organization for the achievement of performance being desired. Electronic Data Interchange The technology of Electronic Data Interchange has been highly utilized by a number of organizations in the chain of supply for the facilitation of transactions and the exchanges of information. This technology is referred to as the computer to the exchange of computer with the structured data for processing in an automatic manner (Kumar, 2009). This technology can be utilized by the partners of supply chain for exchanging important information relevant to effectively run the businesses. Advantages Delays of time: Causes of delays are main because of two factors. Documents of paper may be taking a number of days for transporting from one party to the other. In addition to this, the manual delays in processing take place due to the requirement to compare, retrieve, file and key data Costs of labour: In the systems not based on this technology, manual form of processing is needed for the keying of data, storage of document, matching, sorting, retrieving, envelope stuffing, signing, stamping, and reconciling (Halldorsson, 2004). While the equipment of automation can assist with certain processes, majority of the managers will be agreeing that the costs of labour for the processing of document help in representing a significant share within the overhead Disadvantages Adapting a number of varying interfaces amongst varying organization, where there is an increased need to map data and convert data Costs in the process of changing procurement Costs for the fees of subscription and transaction The partners of business might be having extremely deep insight in one of the figures of business Scanner and Bar Coding Bar codes are referred to as representing a code or a number within a form having suitability to be read by the machines. Bar codes are widely utilized in the entire chain of supply for identifying and tracking the goods at each and every stage within the process (Halldorsson Larsen, 2007). The technology of bar codes are a number of varying width lines, the presentation of which can be done in horizontal context, referred to as the orientation of ladder, or the vertical context, referred to as the orientation of picket fence. Advantages Reduction in the error: Utilizing scanners and barcoding helps in the reduction of rates in the error of humans. When individuals are making manual entry of data, the chances for the occurrence of errors is an individual part in the nature of humans. Medical workers have the ability of scanning the barcodes for viewing the doses and medication need of the patients (Hines, 2004) Savings in time: Not only does this result in keeping the stock organized as well as under control, the time being spent performing the checks of stock are reduced. Since scanners and bar codes are easy for being used and quick, the value of time being saved continuously for declining with the release of barcode Implementation Options of SCM Information Systems The first option that can be taken is by strategic planning that involves four key steps. These steps are 1) Assignment of a project team, 2) Examining the present processes of business and the flow of information, 3) setting objectives, and 4) development of a project plan. The team of project has to be assigned with the employees under the department of sales, accounting, operations, customer service, purchasing and senior management. This is a significant option as it is followed up in an appropriate procedure (Ketchen Hult, 2008). Documents of paper may be taking a number of days for transporting from one party to the other. In addition to this, the manual delays in processing take place due to the requirement to compare, retrieve, file and key data. The other option of implementation is testing and training, where there is an involvement of four key procedures. These steps are: 1) pre- testing the database, 2) verification of the testing, 3) training the trainer, and 4) performance of final testing. The team of project should be practicing in the database of test for confirming that each and every information is working correctly and in an accurate manner (Kumar, 2009). When individuals are making manual entry of data, the chances for the occurrence of errors is an individual part in the nature of humans. Medical workers have the ability of scanning the barcodes for viewing the doses and medication need of the patients Modern Information Systems of SCM Sustainability in supply chain is a major issues of businesses that affect the logistics network or supply chain of the organization, and on frequent basis, quantifying the comparison in the ratings of SECH that utilizes a bottom line with triple layers that incorporates the aspects of environment, society and economy. The rating of SECH are referred to as the footprints of society, ethics, culture and health. The customers have been becoming highly aware for the impact of environment related to the SECH rating of the companies and purchases, and with the not- for- profit organization that set the agenda to transit the organic foods of growth, and the goods that are locally produced supporting small and independent businesses (Levi, 2007). Hence, these help in maintaining sustainability in the chain of supply by the information systems. This is due to the fact that it helps in the reduction of environmental issues and thus, improvement in the rating of SECH. Management of supply chain is referred to as the strategic and systematic coordination in the traditional functions of business and the tactics used across the functions of business within a certain company and within business organization in chain of supply. The purpose with supply chain management is focused on the improvement of performance in the longer term of organizations as well as their supply chain in their entire context. With changes in the technology, supply chain management information systems have been playing a highly crucial role within the ability of organizations for the reduction of costs and for increasing the responsiveness in the chain of supply (Mentzer, 2011). Considering the other side of the coin, the sub- process has the structure of variable in accordance to a number of different constraints. For successfully designing the template of business process, extraction needs to be done from the key processes mentioned above. Conclusion With the help of information systems in supply change management, the organization had been successful in envisioning an individual hub with the help of which everyone would be linked for utilizing common mechanisms of communication and formats of data. By the extraction of the key process at the template of business process, it can be reutilized amongst a number of enterprises and the manpower in the design of business process can be decreased (Wang, 2006). Documents of paper may be taking a number of days for transporting from one party to the other. In addition to this, the manual delays in processing take place due to the requirement to compare, retrieve, file and key data. Sustainability in supply chain is a major issues of businesses that affect the logistics network or supply chain of the organization, and on frequent basis, quantifying the comparison in the ratings of SECH that utilizes a bottom line with triple layers that incorporates the aspects of environment, society and economy. The technology of bar codes are a number of varying width lines, the presentation of which can be done in horizontal context, referred to as the orientation of ladder, or the vertical context, referred to as the orientation of picket fence. References Cooper, M.C. Pagh, J. (2009). Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), pp 114 Halldorsson, A. (2004). Logistics versus supply chain management: an international survey. International Journal of Logistics: Research Application, 7(1), pp. 17-31. Halldorsson, A., Larsen, T. (2007). Complementary theories to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(4), pp. 284-296. Hines, T. (2004). Supply chain strategies: Customer driven and customer focused, Oxford: Elsevier. Ketchen, J.G., Hult, T.M. (2008). Bridging organization theory and supply chain management: The case of best value supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 25(2), pp. 573-580. Kumar, V. (2009). Transition to B2B e-Marketplace Enabled Supply Chain: Readiness Assessment and Success Factors. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 5(3), pp. 7588. Kumar V. (2009). Developments in Theories of Supply Chain Management: The Case of B2B Electronic Marketplace Adoption. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 9(6), pp. 8598. Levi, E. (2007). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain, 3rd edition, Mcgraw Hill Mentzer, J.T. (2011). Defining Supply Chain Management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), pp. 125. Wang, H. (2006). Supply Chain Management Research and Production and Operations Management: Review, Trends, and Opportunities. In: Production and Operations Management, 15(3), pp. 449469

The greatness of little red riding hood Essay Example For Students

The greatness of little red riding hood Essay little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! the original writer is unknown and yet each time i hear it i love it even more! little red riding hood is one of the greatest folktales in the world! 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Essay on What Was the Factors Tah

Essay on What Was the Factors Tah Essay on What Was the Factors Tah | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Topic 4.3 | | | |ACIDS AND BASES | | | |Bronsted-Lowry theory | |Acids and bases in water | |Calculating pH | |Buffer solutions | |Acid-alkali titrations | |Indicators | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Impact of divorce on the self esteem of teenage children Essay

Impact of divorce on the self esteem of teenage children - Essay Example Primarily, the focus of this research shall handle the different issues that concern the explanation as to how divorce actually affects the self-esteem of the youth who are likely involved with parent who have been divorced or undergoing divorce proceedings at present. What are the effects of such situations that are likely to directly mandate the growth of the youths involved in it? How is their self-esteem affected by the fact that they are born to broken families? Why should these particular issues be given outstanding care and understanding by the society today? These questions shall be further addressed through the research that follows through. More than nine out of ten people at some point who tie the knots of their relationship end up separated after a few months or several years of marriage. Around the world, there are already at least 30% of the entire continental population that recognizes divorce as a legal matter that needs to be considered in giving way to the freedom of individuals to choose the right partner for their own. The roller coaster of the situation of families today actually demote the massive changes that are happening within the family relationships that used to be traditionally in tact. Considering this particular fact, it is undeniable that marriage and family issues are then rather increasingly affecting the people that are concerned with in the relationships that are involved herein. Likely, the most devastated members of the family when such situations occur are the children. It could not be denied that the children are the ones who are suffering from the effects of divorce. How true is this? In what particular aspect of growth are the young ones affected by the separation of their parents? What does real reports say about this matter? To be able to give a clarified identification of the questions raised in the

Complex Project Management of Effective Project Management Assignment

Complex Project Management of Effective Project Management - Assignment Example The second main step of approaching complex projects is deeper and involves those projects whose main goal cannot be clearly defined, mainly referred to as the extreme projects. Such a goal is desired although it may not be possible to attain it. As a result of the increasing dynamic conditions in the contemporary project management, it is important for project management and stakeholders to make good choices of the best fit between problem-solution models and the final achievements of the project goals and objectives. Contemporary projects are becoming more uncertain, and with such increasing uncertainty come increased risk and complexity. Such uncertainty is due to changing market conditions that lead to high-change and high-speed responses in order to produce solutions that lead to more competitive advantage. On the other hand, complexity occurs due to a solution that eludes detection and thus, challenging to find, which may impose difficulties to the project manager to develop appropriate responses (Wysocki, 2014). The aspects of uncertainty and complexity are directly and positively correlated and thus, risk increases with increasing uncertainty and complexity. It is in this regard that as projects turn out to be more complex, they are dominated by higher levels of uncertainty. Such increase in project complexity leads to changes in different aspects of the project. Project requirements are a major factor to change due to increasing complexity. As complexity increases in a project, the chance of coming up with the complete definition of its requirements diminishes. At other fundamental levels, the project scope may become complex at later stages, which may raise the need for more requirements. In addition, as the complexity of the project increases, the need for flexibility in the main processes involved also increases. It is through increasing complexity that the need for project stakeholders

Third-Party Logistic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third-Party Logistic - Essay Example The third party logistics is an innovation that has become an inevitable solution for companies. Studies show that the rate of dependency of the 3PL has grown over the years. This is because of the integration model that most 3PL providers include in their package ranging from inventory management, fleet management, and order processing, forwarding among other functions. This puts 3PL providers at the strategic intermediary position that cannot be bypassed by any business. This is very true because 3PL providers are of two categories. The asset based 3PL and the non-asset based 3PL.The latter provides consult services, brokerage, forwarder, marketing companies and information systems management services. The former however provides the transportation and warehousing solutions to business. Both these 3PL act as either direct contractors or sub-contractors to the contracted Logistics Service Provider. The main advantage of acquiring 3PL services is the direct capital cost that can be a voided by outsourcing logistics. This means that businesses do not have to worry about the cost of acquiring modes of transport and managing the modes of transport. Outsourcing logistics means that the company can concentrate on its core business without worrying about factors such as fleet maintenance and the extra costs of paying drivers, mechanics and even security for the vehicles. Another huge cost that a company avoids is the cost of parking the vehicles and coordinating the fleet and routines of the modes of transport.

Systematized Integration of Credit Reference Agencies

Systematized Integration of Credit Reference Agencies Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction The Problem Case Studies/Examples Nigeria Tanzania Kenya Uganda Solutions/Synthesis Conclusion With unprecedented growth and an increasingly competitive global community on the horizon, Africa’s economic revolution is intimately linked to their fiscal capabilities. It is within this broad spectrum of economic expansion that businesses and individuals are directly linked to their capacity to borrow and reinvest capital into sustainable endeavors. African nationals have endured centuries of political and economic turmoil, finally reaching a precipice from which to launch a reformative program which supports internal growth and global competition. Credit reference agencies play an intricate role in this restructuring, as provision of finance is entirely dependent on their historic records and the collaborative efforts of the loosely knit African banking community. This paper explores examples of internal frailties within the credit system and proposes solutions towards overcoming inadequate resources through systematized integration of credit reference agencies. As the British and French colonists sailed away from Africa’s northern shore, they left behind their legacy, one of tumult and uncertainty. The development of Africa’s political and economic structure in the wake of colonial oppression has been a difficult and war-stricken path, one which remains uncertain and ambiguous today. Ultimately, however, in order to support some of the world’s most populated regions, the foundation for economic security and opportunity must be laid and supported. Recognizing that the incidence of poverty throughout Africa is unacceptable and consistently counterproductive, the inefficiencies within the African conglomerate system demand revision; and through dramatic reform mechanisms, sustainable industry and globally directed participation will ensure that African nationals are given an opportunity to escape their impoverished existence. Yet there remain a wide range of conflicting solutions, many of which are directly related to the very colonial heritage which placed African countries in this predicament to begin with. The future of economic growth for these citizens is directly linked to the available funding which can be proffered for development of business and expansion of industry. Currently, funding methods are limited to informal requisition stemming from the family and friends of entrepreneurs seeking materials and startup capital. As banks hoard their capital in light of the extremely high number of historic defaults which they have endured, the industry must turn to more strategic methods of evaluating the potential recipient and continue to expand their lending operations. There is a pervasive lack of credit reference agencies throughout the African continent which continues to detract from bank confidence levels and the availability of funding for activation of economic growth. Given the competitive nat ure of the global environment, inspiring industrial advances should be at the forefront of governmental strategy as in order to maintain the recent financial successes which have sustained incremental poverty reduction, participation on a global scale is becoming a necessity. In spite of the hesitation and challenges which surrounds the creation of translatable credit reference agencies, the future of the African national depends on the wealth of information which they will come to retain. As enterprise is directly dependent on available investment funds, participants continue to seek methods of revenue generation, and through well-informed credit outlets, the participative nature of expanding economics will enable entrepreneurs and businesses to expand their berth and actively compete on a much more even playing field. As Africa as a whole continues to struggle against rampant economic instability, popular theories recognize a variety of insufficiencies, including lack of available infrastructure, inadequate educational facilities and programs, and limited health care opportunities as main failures within the collaborative regime. There is, however, another piece of the African economic puzzle which has yet to evolve to meet modern competitive expectations, and that is the systematized inclusion of credit reference agencies and their foundation support mechanisms in the development of commerce and private finance. From a historic perspective, the early development of credit initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa was entirely localized to a protective function of selective credit allocation. It was within this framework that central banks and government controlled credit mechanisms were strictly regulated, leading to substantial economic decline in the ‘80’s and ‘90’s (McDonald and Schumacher, 2007). Ultimately, banking institutions were used as a domestic funding mechanism for government programs and initiatives; however, this reduction of financial resources meant a limited availability of capital for private borrowers and desirous businesses. As developing economies evolve rapidly through a structure of industry generation, perhaps the most important component is found within the definitive walls of small to medium enterprise (SME’s), and their inclusion in growth and capital contribution is essential to stabilize a burgeoning economy (Quintyn, 2008). African economies developed in spite of lackluster credit programs, as government borrowing reformed dramatically to include the much more liquid and readily available foreign capital market in addition to foreign aid. Beraho (2007) cites the colonial legacy as a direct determinant of the modern economic frailties of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ultimately, the influence of colonial overseers was immediately entrenched in the assumed economic structure during periods of instability following the post-colonial independence. The extreme poverty which accompanied post-colonial activity left African nations rich in natural resources but limited in capacity for export and financial generation. In response, domestic debt, a form of government sustenance, has been credited with substantial reduction of available capital for lending purposes. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of debt to broad money has held constant at 40%, dramatically reducing available financial resources for financing and supp orting private initiatives (Christensen, 2004). Escaping the confines of such imbalances has been a slow and difficult process; however, as foreign aid programs and the World Bank become increasingly involved, reform is slowly achieved. Mylenko (2008) notes that given the stabilization of the African macroeconomy as well as lower inflation and improved government treasury monitoring and regulation, banks have been increasingly able to turn towards lending opportunities. Africa is represented by the world’s most rapidly growing, yet equitably expiring population, and is limited by inefficiencies in their structural systems as they are characterized as â€Å"the world’s hardest working yet least productive† people (Kolo, 2006, p. 596). It is from this inefficient system that severe poverty has overwhelmed a diverse and frustrated people and continued limitations spawn from inappropriate fiscal programs and activities. There is a sustained movement towards more supportive programs, and much of the fiscal evolution over the past decades in Sub-Saharan Africa has been regulated and guided by intra-national monetary unions. Participants in the WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. Other monetary unions include the WAMZ (West African Monetary Zone) represented by Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, as well as the CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Union of Central Africa) inclusive of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It is extremely important to recognize these collaborative monetary efforts given the expanding nature of modern credit reference agencies, as bank collaboration intra-monetarily is a direct representation of the expansionary reality which demonstrates potential for additional corroboration. Analysis of performance in dicators over the history of these African Monetary Unions offers substantial implications for other developing nations. Comparatively, the average inflation differential equates to between 8 and 10 percentage points lower in comparison to other low to medium income nations (Gosh et al., 2006). Interestingly, researchers equate the majority of this reduction to monetary discipline, while approximately twenty percent is relative to international confidence levels given the combinative national participation (Gosh et al., 2006). The development of private finance over the past decade has occurred as a direct result of revised fiscal policies throughout the African continent including the combined efforts of multi-national partnerships. There remains, however, a significant piece of the credit market puzzle which has yet to evolve into a supportive and extensively viable practice, and that is the creation and practice of credit reference agencies. The nature of such entities is one from which both consumer and lender confidence is fully integrated into the business cycle and default is directly undermined by the framework of the system itself. Data demonstrates that the issuance of private sector credit in Sub-Saharan Africa declined in a period between 1980 and 2004 from 15.6 percent of GDP to 15.1; comparatively, growth rates in Asia more than doubled, elevating private sector credit levels to over 40 percent of GDP, and in Latin America, incidence grew by over 50 percent, elevating levels to over 20 percen t of GDP (â€Å"Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa,† 2008). There exists a pitfall of significant registry deficiency which continues to detract from the participative efforts of banks and credit reference agencies. Given the nature of Africa’s structural evolution, emphasis has slowly begun to shift towards national registries which incorporate accurate reference for mortgages and property data so as to accurately integrate collateral data into the developing structure of credit agencies (Sacerdoti, 2005). Ultimately, these registries are essential to establishing a standardized framework of collateral and credit reform. McDonald and Schumacher (2007) have determined that there is a complimentary relationship between credit issuance and the strength of creditor rights, namely the culpability and recoup potential given the incidence of default. As much of African credit heritage is characterized by default, there is little room for modern programs to allow continued systematic failures. The nature of credit reference agencies opportune an evolve structure from which to ensure compliance and stabilize a deviant legacy of poor payment history. The challenges which face Africa begin with its current lack of structural capacity, namely registration, standardized policy and legislation, and the volatile nature of government organizations. To overcome the credit crisis and define an effective program, evolution of African economic structures including opportunities for entrepreneurs and SME’s will be essential parts of the rehabilitiation. One method which has already generated support and shown long term successes is that of microenterprise and microfinance loans. Rhyne and Otero (1994) recognize that in spite of the arbitrary nature of its definition, that microenterprise is generally accepted as a company with less than ten employees and is relegated to the non-agricultural sector of the business community. Additionally, these businesses are oftentimes a source of income which arise where no alternative method for financial gain is available. Given the extreme impoverishment within the African borders, implementing s upportive programs is an essential tactic, one which will offer long term stability and positive reform mechanisms for a needy and desirous population. This paper seeks to identify some of the more prominent systematic failures within specific African infrastructures through specific case studies and devise strategy for evading, manipulating, and evolving such systems to meet financial demand and overcome the credit dilemma. Ultimately, the solutions herein recognize the necessity of credit reference agencies and through the integration of such programs, solutions can be drawn from which to prioritize their sustainability. As integrating credit bureaus and agencies into a frail infrastructure is a long term goal, identifying the key areas of potential failure prior to inception is essential to prudent and productive creation. Ultimately, the findings of this paper determine that given the nature of globalized capitalism, credit reference agencies offer a singular solution from which to pull Africa from the depths of poverty and define its prosperous multinational future. While foreign aid and government reform will assist to waylay many of Africa’s social problems, the only true option for overcoming extreme economic difficulties is through supportive initiatives which redistribute opportunities for wealth among the people who truly need sustainable financial sustenance. In order to ensure that such distribution is appropriately allocated, the historic nature of the credit reference agency will ensure that banks and credit corporations have adequate reference from which to offer the necessary funds for generation of commerce and industry. The following section represents a sample set of a diverse grouping of African participants. Each of these nations has undergone periods of remarkable recovery yet remains limited in this credit reference agency participation. While developmentally exploiting both natural and human resources to overcome the throes of poverty, these nations have yet to fully extract their legacy from the limiting factors which have undermined social and economic efforts for the past decades. Nigeria Nigeria represents a nation of over 144,700 million inhabitants of which over 54 percent currently live in abject poverty (World Bank, 2008). Endeavoring to stabilize their vacillating economy, government leaders have embarked upon a process of economic reform and consolidation over the past decade with decidedly positive results. Much of the evolution of this economy owes its legacy to the rising oil prices and increased exports in this area as demand continues to pay dividend to a resource rich Nigerian population. Unfortunately, there are other limiting constraints which continue to undermine rapid economic evolution on a broad scale, and as the population continues to grow at an annual rate of over 2.4%, there remains significant opportunity for developing internal modes of sustenance and advanced and sustainable industries to push the Nigerian economy forward (World Bank, 2008). Exemplary of the limiting factors now facing the Nigerian people, the lack of a substantial credit system, and importantly, credit reference agency, has historically undermined entrepreneurial efforts and small to medium enterprise, the keys to sustained economic growth. Before the 2005 consolidation period, over 20% of loans made by Nigerian banks were non-performing, as opposed to the remarkable decline of this negative incidence to just over 8.4% in 2007 (Corbett, 2008). It is a direct result of this negative outlook towards loan participants that the Credit Reference Company of Nigeria has been created in past years which utilizes a network of 11 banks to standardize the systematic handling of customer information and credit history. Pre-consolidation Nigerian banks could not fund long term projects due to their short term capital capabilities, in recent years, this process has now evolved to include 10-20 year loans, thereby enabling infrastructural development and social reform (Corbett 2008). As the majority of Nigerian nationals have limited desire to trust their savings to the banking system, much of the evolution over the past years has required significant adjustment in public perspective and a necessary increase in consumer confidence. In Nigeria, private sector credit and banking deposits have doubled since the 2005 banking consolidation and the number of banking branches have increased by over one third (IMF Country Report, 2008). As a testament to the efforts at financial modernization, the expansion of this banking network is a direct indication of a necessitated communication network, one which has the capacity to share consumer information and at the same time, retain the privacy of these participants. Indicative of the evolving perception regarding credit and modern purchasing methods, in 2004, Nigeria recorded less than 50,000 credit card transactions per month as opposed to the remarkable growth to over 51,000,000 per month that were recorded in March of 200 8 (â€Å"Nigeria; The Rise of the Card Payment System,† 2008). Yet these charges are not representative of an extension of credit and simply attest to the acceptance of electronic payment processing as inhabitants continue to support alternate modes of payment. Unfortunately, in spite of bank and economic reform, poverty levels are holding at approximately 55 percent of the Nigerian population, further exacerbated by limited resources available given the rising population and under capitalized infrastructural reform (IMF Country Report, 2008). It is within the incapacitated growth mechanisms that Nigerian credit reference agencies are most needed, as funding unprecedented reform requires the capabilities which can only be imbued through finance and bank funding mechanisms. Recognizing the SME’s hold a key to Nigerian development, there is continued support for credit based initiatives from which to extend financial opportunities to these developing industries. The IFC (International Finance Corporation), a World Bank affiliate continues offer its partnership as Nigeria strives to develop and maintain consumer data, their efforts intimately linked with the economic future of the nation. Tanzania Tanzania, a much smaller nation than Nigeria, is represented by a population of over 39.5 million inhabitants, over 36 percent of whom live below the poverty line (World Bank, 2008). Equally representative of the reformation efforts of developing African countries, Tanzania has endeavored to undergo structural evolution in the past few decades, actively pursuing economic opportunity for its population who continues to expand by around 2.6 percent annually. One of the most significant failures within the Tanzanian system has been the lack of property registry. The World Bank (2005) reported that 90 percent of nationals could not be located through property registry and only had six national offices at their disposal for registry purposes, each fraught with unnecessary and â€Å"irrelevant red tape.† Given this lack of registry foundation, there is little collateral leverage to be gained by participating in government registration programs, therefore, citizens do not find overwh elming motivation or desire to legalize their claims to land. Additionally, the World Bank (2005) notes that there is limited liquidity of property rights for similar reasons of registration difficulties and obscure transference policies, therefore, entrepreneurs have limited opportunity to leverage their properties and gain the initial financing needed for startup capital. Characteristic of more widespread African credit issues, only 4 percent of respondents in a recent survey claimed access to trade credit as a source of start-up finances, thereby placing all required resources directly at the informal level and limited to a partnered initiative between friends and private investors (Sharma and Upneja, 2005). This failure within the credit system is directly related to the lack of credit reference agencies and the supportive information they could provide; however, given the state of the Tanzanian recording structure, there seems to be a much more pressing issue of registry and records to overcome before such projects can become a reality. In addition to the failure to support corporate trade credit, there is an overall limitation which is obvious when considering the widespread state of Tanzanian credit. More formal data recognized private credit initiatives at 8 percent of GDP in 2005; however, comparatively Kenya’s private credit in the same period was over 23 percent of GDP (World Bank, 2005). The lack of lending directly correlates to the lack of creditor rights and available, traceable collateral for loans. As default rates continue to undermine any efforts towards credit system evolution, there remains a substantial field of doubt which overwhelms banks and their lending efforts. Given the disconnect between small businesses and reception of credit from Tanzanian banks, the ability to start and maintain a business in the modern environment is extremely limited and continues to be undermined by a lack of capital. Most concerning is that given the lack of external funding, disposable income or working capital is thereby reintegrated into the business and utilized for daily refurbishments as available. Tanzanian business owners are therefore limited by both the economic factors which drive the success of their business, and their own personal integration into the business operations through consummation of personal finance, lack of new equipment and materials, and inability to improve upon current models to evolve standards to more modern efficiencies (Sharma and Upneja, 2005). These failures are a direct result of the Tanzanian credit crisis and requite the inclusion of a well positioned credit reporting agency in order to ensure that SME’s have sustaine d opportunities for generating much needed investment capital. One of the most remarkable advances which has sustained the fleeting, but evolving stability that is becoming visible within the Tanzanian infrastructure is the adjustment of government funding from domestic lending to foreign sources and foreign aid (Sharma and Upneja, 2005; World Bank, 2005). Eliminating this form of consequential taxation on bank reserves has expanded the Tanzanian opportunity for investment and greater private funding. Unfortunately, characteristic of other African nations, a lack of any form of credit reference agency prevents broad based credit dispersion among citizens and thereby limits loans to corporations and larger scale economic participants. Tanzania currently has plans to develop and establish an operational credit reference databank by the end of June, 2009 in order to extend credit into the private sector. The extension of private credit is currently projected to increase around 22 percent per year yet is entirely linked to governmental stability and internal mechanisms of fiscal policies (â€Å"United Republic of Tanzania: Third Review Under the Policy Support Instrument,† 2008). The nature of finance is derived from available resources which can be distributed for a nominal return. Given the current state of government spending, this opportunity is more realistic today than it has ever been; however, the Tanzanian government must evade the pitfalls of internal borrowing in order to enable these funds to be distributed among industrial participants, thereby facilitating the expansion of industry and inclusion of additional commerce in the resource limited business sector. Kenya Kenya is a nation of similar size to Tanzania, boasting a population of just over 36.6 million people, yet over 55.5 percent of these inhabitants live below the poverty line (Population Reference Bureau, 2008). Most significant in Kenya’s modern history, political unrest and lacking economic growth have continued to undermine efforts of reform and population support mechanisms. Credit considerations are simply another indication of the limited capabilities which a tumultuous nation has to overcome its financial and social deficits. In 2003, over one third of all bank loans were considered non-performing (NPL’s), directly undermining the lending power of institutions, as well as enhancing the proclivity for default among participants (â€Å"Kenya: Bankers Unveil Plan to Keep Tabs on Borrowers,† 2007). In spite of the frail political economy, currently the development of a credit reference bureau is in its advanced stages, as recognizing the merits of such collabor ative information sharing, Kenyan banks actively seek to minimize risk and improve their loan to repayment ratios. Remarkably, in Kenya, over recent decades exceptional opportunities have evolved for entrepreneurial credit extension as startup capital and materials costs represent a substantial portion of business success ratios. Kenyan extension of credit is significantly higher than other African regions as over 85 percent of businesses currently have opportunity to borrow from their providers (World Bank, 2004). These surveyed corporations, while a representation of Kenyan businesses, offer an optimistic perspective on the future of industry and finance. Given the relative youth of the Kenyan population with 4 out of every 10 citizens being under the age of 15, there is substantial opportunity to ensure that financial resources are available for these growing future business owners (Population reference Bureau, 2008). Ultimately, Kenya presents a fairly optimistic outlook for the future of credit extension and opportunities for broad scale industrial financing; however, the completion and full integration of their credit reference bureau stands to offer the most reliable statistics after its inception later this year. Uganda Uganda, a nation of 29.9 million citizens, has continued to experience substantial population growth over the past decade, holding near 3.2 percent, a number significantly advanced from other referenced African nations (World Bank, 2008). Of significant concern to the development of a progressive Ugandan infrastructure, trade credit plays an intricate part in sustaining emerging business and defining industrial evolution. Current statistics demonstrate that only 60 percent of firms have access to this capital as material providers must, themselves, be supplied with the external financial means from banking institutions to extend such credit (World Bank, 2004). When firms are afforded the opportunity to borrow directly from banking institutions, the interest fees associated with such loans are oftentimes overwhelmingly costly and therefore, detract from the efficacy of such endeavors. Overwhelmingly, the inadequacies within the Ugandan credit structure can be directly attributed to a lack of credit tracking mechanisms, and thereby, the capacity for benchmarking and substantiation of creditworthiness. Researchers note that over 40 percent of all loans held in Uganda have a maturity date of one year or less; and of those firms who to receive loans, over 60 percent of all participants are required to post collateral as a loan prerequisite (World Bank, 2004). Essentially, this extreme precedence of default aversion represents an obvious inadequacy in the Ugandan credit reporting system, as given more stringent standards and a confluence of bank participants, protection mechanisms would become fully integrated with the reporting system, providing a deterrence net to reduce defaults through natural and appropriate fiscal processes. Characteristic of many African nations, the pervasive nation of credit doubt in terms of default and repayment potential is an indication of the necessity for credit reference agency construction. As lenders seek to develop new streams of available capital, Ugandan SME’s represent an expanding opportunity, however, they will require support from struc tural evolution in order to ensure their continued operation. There are extreme challenges presented by the African credit woes, most of which will not be overcome through foreign aid or current infrastructure development programs. Indicated by the nations herein, there is substantial need for integration of credit reference agencies into the structure of these modernizing nations; specifically, there is a need for support of small to medium enterprise and the merits of developing an economy through advanced and evolving industry. Ultimately, determining a singular solution to the credit crisis is impossible, however, by coupling several key zones of evolution into a targeted plan of action, the potential for sustained advancement becomes a much more plausible reality. Quintyn (2008) noted that other developing nations who have evolved through similar credit challenges have utilized a form of hub and spoke credit agency system from which to operate these units with limited startup capital required for each branch. In its â€Å"Regional Economic Outlook† (2008), the IMF recognizes that there is a need for leveraged reference agencies, specifically those who are sustained by a technologically advanced central hub yet localize their economy of scale operations in areas of public access. Given the limited nature of credit agencies, a hub and spoke system would reduced the cost of a credit report by $ 2-5 and allow firms the opportunity to extend credit more freely given the support base of their regional offices. The IMF (2008) also recognizes that current credit offerings are only 200,000 people out of every 15 million, a direct result of a lack of credit data and agency interaction within the modern banking structure. In order to overcome the geographical, political, and economic constraints which undermine the constructs of a successful African credit program, the continuity of credit reporting policies across geographic lines must be maintained. While banking unions have taken the initiative to link participants, there remain additional opportunities for broad scale communication expansion and technically advanced sharing techniques which protect both the consumer and the bank from fraud. In spite of the banking cooperatives which are integrated into the Western and Central African economic structures, there remains a difficult framework for monetary exchange outside of these conglomerates. Pervasive in widespread Sub-Saharan fiscal analysis, the necessity of a central banking structure continues to challenge unorganized methods of bank-dominated financial systems. The application of such a combinative operation is one which would assist in the integration of regional credit reference agencies with centralized control mechanisms. This transformation of the informal structure into a more systematized and coordinated pragmatism would generate synergies between monetary policy and banking oversight, thereby establishing a supervisory committee while propagating a bank dominated industry (Quintyn, 2008). The central oversight which is lacking in terms of African banks is basically a function of communicable objectives, a framework which is essential when considering the n ature of investing in economic futures. African capacity for growth is readily foreseeable, however, there must be an active pursuit of this evolution, one which directly integrates the unique partnerships of a banking network and captures communicative data which is readily available across geographic lines. There is a continued deficit within the African lending structure, one which demands reform and challenges banks to contin

Kindergarten in Turkey :: Education

Living conditions, which are very poor in Turkey, affect the contentment of the people significantly. Hence, many women who have any children have to work to help family budget and for live in more comfort. Today, working outside is a fashion for women it gives women an economic liberty and respect. That is good for them however, from the side of many young children that is bad because they have to go kindergartens when their mothers go to work. Nowadays, the number of children who go to kindergartens is increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, many of them are growing up without their mother’s love. So sending children to kindergartens causes some problems which are so important like missing or hating mother and home, being a stressful person in early ages and so on. The major cause of hating mother is spending all childhood in nurseries. Today, we can see in news many teenagers are killing their mothers due to lack of mothers’ love. Their mothers are a normal person for them however we cannot deny that mothers are holly existences for us. So if there is not a necessity, women should not work outside or else, they should look after their children after the work. The other equally significant point is being a stressful person in the future life. Many scientists believe that living in a routine reason for stress. Moreover, in kindergarten children are getting used to a routine life. Therefore these young children meet stress in their early ages and they will more stressful people in their future lives because in nursery there is a hard and well disciplined education. In contrast to these many people claim that kindergartens make children more social in the society. However these claimants do not know that kindergartens cannot give a real parent’s love so if children do not have real love, they will not love their children so this will continue and love between children and parents will be end.

First Amendment to the United States constitution Essay

Do videogames really need to be censored by the United States’ Government? Over the past several years there has been a controversial court case under discussion to censor videogames. This case is trying to get the United States’ Government to prohibit the selling of all videogames that may include graphic violence, virtual sex, violent and gory scenes, partial or full nudity, portrayal of criminal behavior or other provocative and objectionable material (Mears, Para 1). There are numerous arguments why videogames should or should not be censored. Videogames should not be censored because parents should show responsibility in raising their children, it is unconstitutional, videogame companies take enough steps to already censor their products already, and censorship would impact the videogame industry tremendously. During the past years there has been the first ever videogame court case called Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Association, trying to pass a law against selling or renting violent games to minors (Scholssman, Para 1). This case has been going on for several years and has recently escalated all the way to the Supreme Court. The morning of November 2, 2010, the United States Supreme Court began hearing oral arguments for this case. During the oral arguments; both sides gave their reasons of why they thought the bill should be approved or thrown out. During the oral arguments of the Californian Representative; Justice Scalia brought up the point that even Grimm’s Fairy Tales, a series of German household and children fairy tales, are violent and could these be excluded by the law. This brought up instant argument weather or not could this be broadened to just video games or all sources of entertainment that could be considered violent that minors have access to (Attack of the Show, 2010). This case goes all the way back six years to 2004, with the Grand Theft Auto San Andreas: Hot Coffee scandal where players could download a mod that allowed characters to have sex with each other. This case could result in videogames being classified in the same way as extreme pornographic material. Another game that is used to support the court case it Postal 2. This game is a horrible example to represent the videogaming industry, because of the fact this it is arguably the most violent and intense videogame. Postal 2 is a first person shooter released in 2003, which brought up an enormous amount of controversy. Mears says, â€Å"Postal 2 features the adventures of the ‘Postal Dude,’†¦must confront everyday tasks. But how he handles these errands—with the power to behead girls, shoot police and urinate on victims† (Para 1). Due to the amount of graphic violence in the gameplay Postal 2 has been banned in several countries. The Californian State Senator Leeland Yee targeted the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) for not putting an adult only rating on the game. Yee’s comment on the scandal brought back up the controversial topic of censoring certain videogames. Yee introduced a bill that will criminalize the sale of â€Å"ultraviolent† videogames to minors. This bill will result in videogame retailers to keep adult title games separate from other games on the market. The bill would fine retailers as much as one-thousand dollars per-sale for any game they sold to minors. In 2004 Yee’s bill was signed by Californian Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger into law and prohibiting selling games containing adult content to any minor. This law was fought in court and ruled unconstitutional (Ishimoto, Attack of the Show). Banning the rights to a consumer to purchase and play specific types of videogames violates the 1st Amendment of the United States Constitution. This court case is still ongoing and the Supreme Court can go either way with their final decision. Adam Sessler from Attack of the Show says that the opposing argument of this bill is that this is a very broad law. In the California State Government’s own words, â€Å"ultraviolent entertainment† is what a huge piece a content that is has brought up controversy, but in this bill they are very vague of what that constitutes. They have listed â€Å"killing, maiming, torturing of human beings†, but does not specify if a game like Call of Duty or a more violent game like Postal 2 is the problem. To counteract this Yee, says that this bill is not directed towards all violent videogames, but only the â€Å"interactive ultraviolent† types of games. This brought up the point that all games are interactive in some way. As of now Yee does not think his bill will pass in the way it is written because it is not specific enough (Attack of the Show, 2010). After the oral arguments, almost all of the justices thought this bill was too vague and can be broadly applied. They said that it would put too much of a restriction on game publishers and writers with their First Amendment Rights. One of the biggest arguments against this case is that it is none of the government’s business what children can and cannot watch. From the CATO Institute Adam Thiere says, â€Å"In a free society parents should decide what their children see, hear, or play; Uncle Sam should not serve as a surrogate parent† (Para 7). Thiere is saying that parents can and should be able to decide what their children do. Thiere believes that the government already regulates enough in society and that parent should be able to choose what their children can do in their own personal time. Under the Representative Democracy form of government parents should be allowed to set their own limitations on their own children. If the government regulated how parents raised their own children, it would mirror a communist dictatorship. All children should be raised differently under their parent’s standards. Thiere says, â€Å"All ‘one-size-fits-all’ forms of content regulation are unlikely to recognize that different parents have different definitions of what constitutes acceptable for their children. The eye of the beholder makes a difference and in a free society it is the eyes (and ears) of parents that should decide what is in the best interests of their children† (Para 7). Parents should be able to mold and bring their child up the way they want. This law would put limitations on what parents can and cannot do with their very own children. Videogames are what children do for fun as a hobby. Videogame censorship is a topic serious enough to require a written law for parents to monitor their children. Even if the bill is passed, parents that do not mind their kids playing these games will just purchase the games for their children anyways. The government does not need to have laws to censor what minors buy and play since videogame producers look out for what happens to the children that play their games. Joe Sapp from the International Game Developers Association says that, â€Å"The IGDA stands behind informing parents about their media decisions and allowing them, rather than governmental bodies, to decide for their children† (Para 6). The Entertainment Software Rating Board helps parents monitor what their children play. One of the last steps that’s taken before a game is released is, â€Å"Game publishers submit responses to a detailed written ESRB questionnaire (often supplementing such responses with lyric sheets scripts, etc. ), specifying exactly what pertinent content will be in the game. Along with the written submission materials, publishers must provide a DVD which captures all pertinent content† (Para 1). Both the game producers and the ESRB take these steps to inform the public of the content of their games. After the questionnaire has been submitted, staff members from the ESRB play a version of the game and the game material and DVD are reviewed by at least three professional game raters. The ESRB says that â€Å"game raters must be adults and typically have experience with children, whether through prior work experience, education or by being parents or caregivers themselves† (Para 2). This qualification for being a game rater is so that they generally know what children at different age groups can experience under the common standards in society. After reviewing the DVD, the raters recommend a potential rating. Raters can look at similar games’ previous ratings. The raters all deliberate until they all reach an agreement. After the agreement an official rating certificate is presented to game producer to be accepted or appealed. The Appeal Board is a group of publishers, retailer, and other professionals. Once the game is completely finished it is sent to the ESRB to be reviewed again and to make sure it is given the proper rating (ESRB, Para 3). The possible ratings are: Early Childhood, Everyone, Everyone 10+, Teen, Mature, Adults Only, and? Rating Pending. The ESRB is responsible for the enforcement of the ratings. I disagree with videogames being censored because they are unconstitutional. Adam Sessler says, â€Å"As a gamer you have the right to buy and play violent videogames. They are covered by the First Amendment just like R-Rated movies, controversial books, or obscene music† (Attack of the Show). The First Amendment prohibits any law that restricts the establishment of religion, interfere the freedom of press, speech, petition, or assembly. By this law buyers can and should be able to purchase and play videogames as they please. The First Amendment not only protects spoken speech but symbolic speech as well. The only kind of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment is speech that harms another person’s reputation, obscene speech, and speech that violates criminal laws. In the Washington Post, Justice Scalia said, â€Å"I am concerned with the First Amendment which says Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, and it was always understood that freedom of speech did not include obscenity. It has never been understood that the freedom of speech did not include portrayals of violence† (2010, Para 13, 14). In this situation a videogame is considered speech that is protected by the First Amendment. The rating system, partnerships with retailers and warnings do a good enough job censoring videogames. All of the steps that the ESRB take to rate the games and give ratings should be all that is needed in censoring videogames. Just about every game retailer has a partnership with the ESRB. This partnership controls and regulates which games are sold to specific age groups. All of these partners have a policy of being 18 or older to purchase games that are rated Mature or higher. After purchasing a game that contains adult content, there are warning labels informing the gamer before the game play begins. There are several myths and theories that state violent videogames are linked with aggressive and violent youth. These theories are what brought this whole case up. This science in the case has already been up for debate. Many doctors have said there is not enough sufficient data to prove a direct correlation between aggressive videogames and making kids aggressive. Adam Thierer says that, â€Å"While the videogame industry was exploding between 1994 and 2000, juvenile violent crime arrest dropped by 44% and you adult arrests dropped by 24% according to the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention†¦Further a major study on youth violence by the U. S. Surgeon General’s office in 2001 also confirmed that youth violence has declined significantly nationwide and noted that academic research had not shown any significant correlation between videogames and youth violence† (Para 4). This does not mean that there is no connection between violent children and teenagers with violent videogames because; violent people are attracted to violent things. This just means that violent videogames do not make people violent. If this bill is passed then it will tremendously affect the videogame industry. The International Game Developers Association has criticized California’s bill. Trent Nouveau quoted the IGDA by saying, â€Å"Limiting forms of expression in video games limits the expression of game creators, which violates their constitutional rights to free speech in the United States abroad as specified by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the United Nations† (2010, Para 2). The IGDA is arguing that singling out videogame from other forms of media is unconstitutional and puts unnecessary limitations on one of the largest industries in our economy (2010, Nouveau). The Video Game Votes Network say â€Å"government regulation based on games’ content will stifle creativity, and will have a chilling effect on game publishers who may feel the need to dilute content due to the threat of government action and fines† (2010, Para 2). These regulations will put vast limitations on videogame producers that producers of other forms of media don’t face. This case is still going on and under dispute in the Supreme Court. The fact that Entertainment Merchants Association has won all of the cases in the lower courts gives them a huge advantage in the Supreme Court ruling. They are expecting to hear a ruling in late February or early March of 2011, but in June at the latest because that is when this term of the Supreme Court ends. When a ruling is made there will be no warnings and once the ruling is dropped everyone will have to go from there.